Diflucan Lawsuit: Exposure to cigarettes and illegal drugs has a similar effect on a developing fetus. Cigarette smoke has been linked to premature birth and problems in babies’ lungs. Usually premature babies are extremely small and their organs are not fully developed. Therefore, they often face serious health problems at birth as well as lasting disabilities like hearing loss, blindness, heart problems, mental retardation, and cerebral palsy. Drugs like cocaine, crack, and heroin can cause bleeding in a fetus’s brain. This leads to brain damage and developmental delays, including mental retardation.
Prescription drugs, too, can harm a fetus. For example, isotretinoin, a drug used to treat acne and commonly called Accutane, works by slowing the growth of skin cells in individuals with acne. The drug is so powerful, however, that when a fetus is exposed to it, isotretinoin slows or stops the growth of all fetal cells. As a consequence, 35 percent of all babies born to pregnant women treated with the drug are born with birth defects. These include blindness, mental retardation, malformed organs, and physical deformities. Because of the danger isotretinoin presents to unborn babies, the Food and Drug Administration warns women: “You must not become pregnant while taking Accutane. . . . There is an extremely high risk that your baby will be deformed or will die if you are pregnant while taking Accutane.”
Household chemicals like those used in paints, cleaning solvents, and pesticides have a similar effect. Although exposure to low levels of most chemicals poses little risk, daily heavy exposure, such as that which pregnant women in the dry cleaning or house painting business experience, can interfere with the formation and growth of fetal nerve cells. This can cause learning disabilities and mental retardation in the baby.
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Birth defects can occur in any baby. However, some babies are at greater risk. These include babies born to women exposed to dangerous substances and infections, babies that do not receive adequate prenatal nutrition, and babies born to families with a history of inherited diseases.
Even when a family does not have a history of an inherited disease, members of certain ethnic groups are more likely to carry the gene for a particular inherited disease than members of other groups. For example, people of African descent are at a greater risk of developing sickle-cell anemia than individuals of other ethnicities. An estimated 1 in every 375 African Americans has the disease compared to 1 in every 72,000 Non-African Americans. And about 8 percent or 3.5 million African Americans are carriers of the sickle-cell gene. Cystic fibrosis commonly affects Caucasians of northern European descent. About 1 in 22 Americans of northern European descent carries the gene, and 1 in every 1,600 Caucasians is born with the disease. This compares to 1 in every 13,000 African Americans, and 1 in every 50,000 Asians.
In a like manner, Jews of eastern European descent are at greater risk of Tay-Sachs disease. An estimated 1 in 27 Jews of eastern European descent are carriers, while only 1 in 250 Jews not of eastern European descent carry the gene. A Jewish woman explains: “When I was pregnant, we were warned that the baby could have Tay-Sachs disease because we’re Jewish and some of our family are of Eastern European descent. Fortunately, the baby was fine. We were lucky.”
A pregnant woman’s age can also put a baby at risk. Babies with Down syndrome are more likely to be bom to older mothers. According to the March of Dimes, the chance of a woman in her twenties having a baby with Down syndrome is 1 in 1,230. At age thirty-five the chance is 1 in 270. At forty the risk rises to 1 in 78, and at forty-five the chance increases to 1 in 22. Scientists do not know why this is so.
Other problems arise because older mothers are likely to give birth to more than one baby per pregnancy. This is often because many older women have difficulties becoming pregnant and use fertility treatments, which encourage multiple gestations.
For a woman of any age, multiple births put a baby at risk of birth defects. One reason is that multiple fetuses must share nutrients, oxygen, and blood. Therefore, they receive less of these vital substances than a single fetus. It is not surprising then that almost 60 percent of twins, 90 percent of triplets, and almost all higher multiple births are bom prematurely, putting them at risk of developing cerebral palsy and other birth defects linked to premature births.
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Other less obvious birth defects are often detected immediately after birth when an Apgar index evaluation is conducted. The Apgar test provides a quick assessment of a newborn’s overall health. It looks at five vital signs: the baby’s color, pulse, reflexes, muscle tone, and breathing. Holly, a certified midwife, explains: “An Apgar test is done at one and five minutes [after birth], I listen to the baby’s heart and lungs with a stethoscope to make sure that the baby is breathing well, lungs are clear, and the heart rate is within a normal range.”
Based on the assessment, which is given twice and compared, the infant is given a score. A perfect score is ten. Newborns who score at least seven are considered healthy. The lower the score on the Apgar test, the more likely a problem exists. Lung defects are usually detected during the Apgar evaluation, which can save a newborn’s life. A lung defect can prevent a newborn from being able to breathe normally. When a lung defect is detected at birth, proper intervention is immediately administered. This keeps the baby from suffocating.
Depending where the baby is bom, blood tests for other birth defects are also likely to be done. For example, every state in the United States requires that newborns are given a blood test that screens for phenylketonuria (PKU), a birth defect that hampers digestion. Colorado, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and Montana also administer a blood test on newborns that detects cystic fibrosis, and many states require newborns to be screened for sickle-cell anemia.
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